| Course Level: | Master's | |
|---|---|---|
| Course Duration: | 2 Years | |
| Course Language: | English | |
| Required Degree | 4 Year Bachelor’s Degree | |
| Course Level: | Master's | |
|---|---|---|
| Course Duration: | 2 Years | |
| Course Language: | English | |
| Required Degree | 4 Year Bachelor’s Degree | |
| Course Level: | Master's | |
|---|---|---|
| Course Duration: | 2 Years | |
| Course Language: | English | |
| Required Degree | 3 Year Bachelor’s Degree | |
| First Year Total Fees: | ₹ 630000 | |
Founded: UCSI University was established in 1986 as a computer training institute and has since evolved into a comprehensive university.
Location: The main campus is located in Kuala Lumpur, with additional campuses in Sarawak and Terengganu.
UCSI University offers a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across various faculties. Some of the key faculties and departments include:
Faculty of Business and Information Science
Business Administration
Accounting and Finance
Marketing
Information Technology
Faculty of Engineering, Technology, and Built Environment
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Architecture
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
Medicine
Pharmacy
Nursing
Nutrition
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Biotechnology
Food Science and Technology
Faculty of Social Sciences and Liberal Arts
Mass Communication
Psychology
English Language and Communication
Institute of Music
Classical Music
Contemporary Music
Industry Collaboration: Strong emphasis on industry partnerships and internships, providing students with practical experience and job opportunities.
Research and Innovation: Active involvement in research and innovation, with dedicated research centers and funding for various projects.
Global Reach: Collaborations with over 200 universities worldwide, offering student exchange programs and dual degrees.
Modern Campuses: State-of-the-art facilities including libraries, laboratories, studios, and recreational areas.
Accommodation: On-campus and off-campus housing options available for students.
Student Support Services: Extensive support services including career guidance, counseling, health services, and academic advising.
Diverse Community: A multicultural student body with students from over 110 countries.
Clubs and Societies: Numerous student clubs and societies catering to various interests such as sports, arts, culture, and academics.
Events and Activities: Regular events, workshops, and competitions to enhance student engagement and learning.
Admissions: Open to both local and international students, with specific entry requirements depending on the program.
Scholarships and Financial Aid: Offers various scholarships based on academic merit, sports achievements, and other criteria.
Global Recognition: UCSI University is consistently ranked among the top universities in Malaysia and is recognized globally for its academic excellence.
Accreditations: Accredited by various national and international bodies, ensuring high standards of education.
Bachelor of Accounting
Bachelor of Business Administration
Bachelor of Finance and Investment
Bachelor of Marketing
Bachelor of Information Technology
Bachelor of Hospitality Management
Bachelor of Tourism Management
Bachelor of Logistics Management
Bachelor of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
Bachelor of Petroleum Engineering
Bachelor of Architecture
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying
Doctor of Medicine (MD)
Bachelor of Pharmacy
Bachelor of Nursing
Bachelor of Nutrition and Dietetics
Bachelor of Physiotherapy
Bachelor of Biomedical Science
Bachelor of Biotechnology
Bachelor of Food Science with Nutrition
Bachelor of Aquatic Science
Bachelor of Mass Communication
Bachelor of Psychology
Bachelor of English Language and Communication
Bachelor of Education (TESL)
Bachelor of Classical Music
Bachelor of Contemporary Music
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Master of Science in Logistics Management
Master of Philosophy in Business
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Business
Master of Engineering
Master of Architecture
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Engineering
Master of Clinical Pharmacy
Master of Nursing
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Medical Sciences
Master of Science in Biotechnology
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Biotechnology
Master of Arts in Psychology
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Psychology
Master of Music
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Music
Program Name |
Duration |
Tuition Fees Per Year (USD) |
|---|---|---|
|
Bachelor of Accounting |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Business Administration |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Finance and Investment |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Marketing |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Information Technology |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Hospitality Management |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Tourism Management |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Logistics Management |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
4 years |
$7,500 - $8,000 |
|
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering |
4 years |
$7,500 - $8,000 |
|
Bachelor of Civil Engineering |
4 years |
$7,500 - $8,000 |
|
Bachelor of Chemical Engineering |
4 years |
$7,500 - $8,000 |
|
Bachelor of Petroleum Engineering |
4 years |
$7,500 - $8,000 |
|
Bachelor of Architecture |
3 years |
$7,000 - $7,500 |
|
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying |
3 years |
$7,000 - $7,500 |
|
Doctor of Medicine (MD) |
5 years |
$22,000 - $25,000 |
|
Bachelor of Pharmacy |
4 years |
$10,000 - $12,000 |
|
Bachelor of Nursing |
4 years |
$5,500 - $6,000 |
|
Bachelor of Nutrition and Dietetics |
4 years |
$7,000 - $7,500 |
|
Bachelor of Physiotherapy |
4 years |
$7,000 - $7,500 |
|
Bachelor of Biomedical Science |
3 years |
$7,000 - $7,500 |
|
Bachelor of Biotechnology |
3 years |
$7,000 - $7,500 |
|
Bachelor of Food Science with Nutrition |
3 years |
$7,000 - $7,500 |
|
Bachelor of Aquatic Science |
3 years |
$7,000 - $7,500 |
|
Bachelor of Mass Communication |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Psychology |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of English Language and Communication |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Education (TESL) |
3 years |
$6,500 - $7,000 |
|
Bachelor of Classical Music |
3 years |
$7,000 - $7,500 |
|
Bachelor of Contemporary Music |
3 years |
$7,000 - $7,500 |
Program Name |
Duration |
Tuition Fees Per Year (USD) |
|---|---|---|
|
Master of Business Administration (MBA) |
1.5 years |
$10,000 - $11,000 |
|
Master of Science in Logistics Management |
1.5 years |
$10,000 - $11,000 |
|
Master of Philosophy in Business |
2 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Business |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Master of Engineering |
1.5 years |
$9,000 - $10,000 |
|
Master of Architecture |
2 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Engineering |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Master of Clinical Pharmacy |
2 years |
$12,000 - $13,000 |
|
Master of Nursing |
2 years |
$6,000 - $7,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Medical Sciences |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Master of Science in Biotechnology |
1.5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Biotechnology |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Master of Arts in Psychology |
1.5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Psychology |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Master of Music |
1.5 years |
$9,000 - $10,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Music |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
Program Name |
Duration |
Tuition Fees Per Year (USD) |
|---|---|---|
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Business |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Engineering |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Medical Sciences |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Biotechnology |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Psychology |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
|
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Music |
3-5 years |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
UCSI University offers a variety of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across multiple disciplines. Popular fields of study include business, engineering, medicine, applied sciences, social sciences, and music.
Academic Qualifications: Equivalent to Malaysian Higher School Certificate (STPM) or A-levels.
English Proficiency: IELTS (minimum score of 5.5-6.0) or TOEFL (minimum score of 550-600).
Other Documents: Academic transcripts, passport copy, and other relevant certificates.
Academic Qualifications: Relevant bachelor’s degree from a recognized institution.
English Proficiency: IELTS (minimum score of 6.0-6.5) or TOEFL (minimum score of 600-650).
Other Documents: Academic transcripts, passport copy, recommendation letters, and statement of purpose.
Academic Qualifications: Relevant master’s degree with a minimum CGPA of 3.0.
English Proficiency: IELTS (minimum score of 6.5) or TOEFL (minimum score of 600-650).
Research Proposal: Submission of a detailed research proposal.
Other Requirements: Interview or submission of prior research work or publications may be required.
Program Level |
Tuition Fees (USD) |
|---|---|
|
Undergraduate |
$6,500 - $8,000 |
|
Postgraduate |
$8,000 - $11,000 |
|
Doctorate |
$8,000 - $9,000 |
UCSI University offers various scholarships to international students based on academic excellence, sports achievements, and other criteria. Some available scholarships include:
UCSI University Trust Scholarship
UCSI University Trust Graduate Scholarship
UCSI University Trust Sports Bursary
Visa Assistance: Support with visa applications, renewals, and other immigration-related matters.
Orientation Programs: Comprehensive orientation to help new students acclimate to university life and the local culture.
On-Campus Housing: Hostels with shared and single rooms, common areas, and study spaces.
Off-Campus Options: Assistance in finding off-campus housing, including apartments and homestays.
Health Services: On-campus clinic providing medical and health services.
Counseling Services: Professional counseling services available for students.
Student Organizations: Numerous student-run clubs and societies catering to various interests such as sports, arts, culture, and academics.
Examples: Debate Club, Photography Club, Dance Society, Robotics Club.
Facilities: Access to gymnasiums, sports courts, and recreational areas.
Teams and Tournaments: Participation in university sports teams and inter-university competitions.
Festivals and Celebrations: Regular cultural nights, festivals, and events celebrating diversity.
Workshops and Seminars: workshops and guest lectures to enhance learning and skills.
Cost of Living: Relatively affordable, with average monthly expenses for an international student estimated between $400 to $600, covering accommodation, food, transportation, and personal expenses.
Cultural Diversity: Malaysia is known for its multicultural environment, providing a rich cultural experience.
Safety: Generally considered a safe country for international students, with a stable political environment and friendly locals.
Research Programs: Visit the UCSI University website to explore the various undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs available.
Program Details: Pay attention to specific program requirements, duration, and career prospects.
Academic Qualifications: Ensure you meet the minimum academic qualifications for your chosen program.
Undergraduate: Equivalent to Malaysian Higher School Certificate (STPM), A-levels, or other recognized qualifications.
Postgraduate: Relevant bachelor’s degree from a recognized institution.
Doctorate: Relevant master’s degree with a minimum CGPA of 3.0.
English Proficiency: Check the English language requirements, typically IELTS or TOEFL scores.
Undergraduate: IELTS (minimum score of 5.5-6.0) or TOEFL (minimum score of 550-600).
Postgraduate: IELTS (minimum score of 6.0-6.5) or TOEFL (minimum score of 600-650).
Doctorate: IELTS (minimum score of 6.5) or TOEFL (minimum score of 600-650).
Application Form: Complete the application form available on the UCSI University website.
Academic Transcripts: Certified copies of previous academic records.
English Proficiency Test Results: IELTS, TOEFL, or equivalent scores.
Passport Copy: Clear copy of your passport.
Other Documents: Depending on the program, you may need recommendation letters, a statement of purpose, research proposals, or a resume.
Online Application: Submit your application through the UCSI University online application portal.
Email/Post: Alternatively, applications can be sent via email or post to the admissions office.
Application Fee: Pay the non-refundable application fee as specified by the university.
Processing Time: The university will review your application and notify you of the outcome.
Offer Letter: Successful applicants will receive an offer letter detailing the next steps.
Acceptance Form: Complete and return the acceptance form included with your offer letter.
Deposit Payment: Pay the required deposit to secure your place in the program.
Visa Application: Use the offer letter to apply for a student visa at the Malaysian embassy or consulate in your country.
Required Documents: Visa application form, passport, offer letter, financial statements, medical examination report, and other required documents.
On-Campus Housing: Apply for on-campus accommodation if available.
Off-Campus Housing: Alternatively, seek off-campus housing options such as apartments or homestays.
Arrival in Malaysia: Plan your travel to Malaysia and inform the university of your arrival details.
Orientation Program: Attend the orientation program organized by the university to help you acclimate to campus life and Malaysian culture.
Course Registration: Register for your courses for the upcoming semester during the orientation period.
Academic Advising: Seek academic advising if needed to ensure you select the appropriate courses.
Main Intakes: January, May, and September.
Additional Intakes: Some programs may also have intakes in March, June, and October.
Main Intakes: January, May, and September.
Rolling Intakes: Certain postgraduate programs may accept applications throughout the year.
Main Intakes: January and September.
Rolling Intakes: Some programs may offer flexibility in start dates depending on research supervision arrangements.
Academic Qualifications:
Malaysian Higher School Certificate (STPM): Minimum CGPA of 2.0.
A-levels: Minimum of 2 passes.
Foundation Programs: Minimum CGPA of 2.0.
Other Equivalent Qualifications: Such as IB Diploma, UEC, SAM, or other recognized pre-university qualifications.
English Proficiency:
IELTS: Minimum score of 5.5 to 6.0.
TOEFL: Minimum score of 550 (paper-based) or 213 (computer-based).
Equivalent English proficiency tests may also be accepted.
Academic Qualifications:
Relevant Bachelor’s Degree: Minimum CGPA of 2.75 (some programs may require higher CGPA or relevant work experience).
CGPA Below 2.75: Applicants with a CGPA below 2.75 but above 2.50 may be considered on a case-by-case basis with additional requirements such as relevant work experience.
English Proficiency:
IELTS: Minimum score of 6.0 to 6.5.
TOEFL: Minimum score of 600 (paper-based) or 250 (computer-based).
Equivalent English proficiency tests may also be accepted.
Other Requirements: Some programs may require professional experience, a portfolio, or an interview.
Academic Qualifications:
Relevant Master’s Degree: Minimum CGPA of 3.0.
CGPA Below 3.0: Applicants with a CGPA below 3.0 may be considered on a case-by-case basis with additional requirements such as relevant work experience or publications.
English Proficiency:
IELTS: Minimum score of 6.5.
TOEFL: Minimum score of 600 (paper-based) or 250 (computer-based).
Equivalent English proficiency tests may also be accepted.
Research Proposal: Submission of a detailed research proposal is often required.
Other Requirements: Some programs may require an interview or the submission of prior research work or publications.
Scholarship Name |
Eligibility Criteria |
Benefits |
Application Process |
|---|---|---|---|
|
UCSI University Trust Scholarship |
- Academic excellence (minimum CGPA 3.50) |
- Up to 100% tuition fee waiver |
- Submit scholarship application form |
|
|
- Extracurricular involvement |
- Possible stipend for living expenses |
- Provide academic transcripts and certificates |
|
|
- Leadership qualities |
|
- Attend an interview (if required) |
|
UCSI University Trust Graduate Scholarship |
- Minimum CGPA of 3.50 for undergraduate degree |
- Partial tuition fee waiver |
- Submit scholarship application form |
|
|
- Strong research proposal or professional experience |
|
- Provide academic transcripts and proposal |
|
|
|
|
- Attend an interview (if required) |
|
UCSI University Trust Sports Bursary |
- Represented state or national level in sports |
- Partial tuition fee waiver |
- Submit scholarship application form |
|
|
- Continued participation in UCSI sports teams |
|
- Provide evidence of sports achievements |
|
|
|
|
- Attend an interview (if required) |
|
UCSI University Trust Principal's Award |
- Academic excellence (top scorer in high school) |
- Partial tuition fee waiver |
- Submit scholarship application form |
|
|
- Leadership qualities |
|
- Provide academic transcripts and certificates |
|
|
- Extracurricular involvement |
|
- Attend an interview (if required) |
|
UCSI University Trust A-Level Scholarship |
- Enrolled in UCSI's A-Level program |
- Partial tuition fee waiver |
- Automatic consideration upon application |
|
|
- Academic excellence (minimum 7As in SPM or equivalent) |
|
- Submit academic transcripts |
|
UCSI University Trust UEC Scholarship |
- Enrolled in UCSI undergraduate program |
- Partial tuition fee waiver |
- Submit scholarship application form |
|
|
- Academic excellence (minimum 7As in UEC) |
|
- Provide academic transcripts |
|
UCSI University Trust Pre-U Scholarship |
- Enrolled in UCSI's Pre-U program |
- Partial tuition fee waiver |
- Automatic consideration upon application |
|
|
- Academic excellence (minimum 7As in SPM or equivalent) |
|
- Submit academic transcripts |
|
UCSI University Trust Education Grant |
- Academic excellence |
- Partial tuition fee waiver |
- Submit scholarship application form |
|
|
- Financial need |
|
- Provide academic transcripts and financial statements |
|
UCSI University Trust Human Resource Development Grant |
- Employees or dependents of employees of UCSI University |
- Partial tuition fee waiver |
- Submit scholarship application form |
|
|
- Minimum CGPA as specified by program requirements |
|
- Provide employment verification |
Facility |
Description |
|---|---|
|
Main Campus Location |
Kuala Lumpur (Taman Connaught, Cheras) |
|
Libraries |
State-of-the-art libraries with extensive collections of books, journals, and digital resources. |
|
Laboratories |
Modern labs for IT, engineering, health sciences, and applied sciences programs. |
|
Lecture Halls and Classrooms |
Equipped with audio-visual aids and modern teaching tools. |
|
Computer Labs |
Available for student use with high-speed internet access. |
|
Recreational Facilities |
Sports courts, gymnasiums, and recreational areas for various sports and fitness activities. |
|
Student Lounges |
Comfortable spaces for students to relax and socialize. |
|
Cafeterias and Dining |
Multiple dining options offering a variety of cuisines. |
|
Health Services |
On-campus clinic providing medical and health services. |
|
Counseling Services |
Professional counseling services available for students. |
|
Wi-Fi Access |
Free high-speed internet access throughout the campus. |
Accommodation Facility |
Description |
Cost (Approximate in USD) |
|---|---|---|
|
On-Campus Hostel |
Shared rooms with basic furnishings, common areas, and study spaces. |
$1,200 - $1,800 per year |
|
Off-Campus Hostel |
Located near campus with shuttle services available. Shared rooms and common facilities. |
$1,500 - $2,500 per year |
|
Apartments |
Fully furnished apartments with kitchen facilities. Options for sharing with other students. |
$2,500 - $4,500 per year |
|
Homestay |
Living with local families, including meals. |
$3,000 - $5,000 per year |
|
Student Residences |
Managed residences with single and shared room options, including utilities and internet. |
$2,000 - $3,500 per year |
|
Private Rentals |
Individual rental options for more privacy. Costs vary based on location and size of accommodation. |
$3,000 - $6,000 per year |
Extensive Resources: Access to a vast collection of books, journals, and digital resources.
Study Spaces: Quiet areas for individual study and group study rooms.
State-of-the-Art Facilities: Labs for IT, engineering, health sciences, and applied sciences programs equipped with modern technology.
Guidance: Academic advisors assist with course selection, career planning, and academic progress.
Additional Support: Peer and professional tutoring available for various subjects.
Diverse Interests: Numerous student-run clubs and societies catering to interests such as sports, arts, culture, and academics.
Examples: Debate Club, Photography Club, Robotics Club, Dance Society, Environmental Club, Business Club, and many more.
Sports Facilities: Access to gymnasiums, sports courts, and recreational areas.
Teams and Tournaments: Participation in university sports teams and inter-university competitions.
Festivals and Celebrations: Regular cultural nights, festivals, and events celebrating diversity.
Workshops and Seminars: Various workshops and guest lectures to enhance learning and skills.
On-Campus Clinic: Medical and health services provided on campus.
Counseling Services: Professional counselors available for mental health support and guidance.
On-Campus Housing: Hostels with shared and single rooms, common areas, and study spaces.
Off-Campus Options: Assistance in finding off-campus housing, including apartments and homestays.
Orientation Programs: Special orientation programs for international students to help them acclimate.
Visa and Immigration Assistance: Support with visa applications, renewals, and immigration-related matters.
Advising: Career advisors provide guidance on career paths, job search strategies, and interview preparation.
Internships: Assistance in securing internships related to students’ fields of study.
Job Placement: Support in job placement through partnerships with various industries and organizations.
High-Speed Internet: Access to high-speed internet and modern computer labs.
Software and Tools: Availability of essential software and tools for various courses.
Campus-Wide Wi-Fi: Free high-speed internet access available throughout the campus.
Relaxation Areas: Comfortable spaces for students to relax and socialize.
Entertainment: Lounges equipped with games, TV, and other entertainment options.
Variety of Cuisines: Multiple dining options offering local and international cuisines.
Affordable Meals: Meals are reasonably priced to suit student budgets.
Merit-Based Scholarships: Scholarships awarded based on academic performance.
Need-Based Aid: Financial aid options available for students in need.
24/7 Security: Round-the-clock security services to ensure student safety.
Emergency Services: Emergency contact numbers and services available on campus.
Individual Guidance: One-on-one career counseling sessions to help students identify their career goals, strengths, and interests.
Career Pathways: Guidance on different career options and pathways based on students' fields of study and personal interests.
Industry Partnerships: Strong collaborations with various industries to provide internship opportunities that give students hands-on experience in their fields.
Academic Credit: Many internship programs are integrated into the academic curriculum and can count towards course credits.
Job Fairs: Regularly organized job fairs and career expos that connect students with potential employers.
On-Campus Recruitment: On-campus recruitment drives where companies visit the university to hire graduating students.
Job Portals: Access to online job portals and databases that list job openings and internship opportunities.
Resume Writing: Workshops on creating effective resumes and cover letters.
Interview Skills: Training sessions on interview techniques, including mock interviews.
Soft Skills Development: Workshops on communication skills, teamwork, leadership, and other essential soft skills.
Alumni Network: Strong network of UCSI University alumni who can provide mentorship, advice, and job opportunities.
Industry Connections: Events and seminars where students can meet and network with professionals from various industries.
UCSI University has a strong track record of placing its graduates in reputable companies across various sectors. The university regularly publishes placement records and success stories to highlight the achievements of its students. Key aspects include:
High Employability Rates: A significant percentage of graduates find employment within six months of graduation.
Diverse Industries: Graduates are placed in diverse industries, including finance, marketing, IT, engineering, education, and more.
Top Employers: Collaboration with top multinational and local companies that actively recruit UCSI University graduates.
1. Program Popularity: More popular programs, such as those in medicine, engineering, and business, may have more competitive admissions processes.
2. Academic Requirements: Meeting the minimum academic and English language proficiency requirements is essential for acceptance.
3. Application Completeness: Submitting all required documents and forms accurately and on time can affect acceptance chances.
4. Interview Performance: Some programs may require an interview as part of the admissions process.
Kuala Lumpur Campus:
Address: UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights (Taman Connaught), Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Kuala Terengganu Campus:
Address: UCSI University, Bukit Khor, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Springhill (Port Dickson) Campus:
Address: UCSI University, Jalan Springhill, Bandar Springhill, 71010 Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
